Developments in the Electrochemical Bionanosensors for the Predictive Diagnosis of Prostate and Breast Cancer

The abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects is referred as “Cancer.” The genetic defects can originate from both environment and hereditary. This unregulated cell growth leads to the formation of a tumor. As the cancer progresses, the tumor begins to spread to other body organs and systems and this spreading is sometimes so fast that by the time of cancer detection, it becomes incurable. It is reported that, in 2004, about 7.4 million people lost their lives and this number is expected to increase to 12 million by 2030. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) documentation, 30% of people could have been saved if their cancer could be detected earlier (www.who.int/, 2010). Among various cancers, prostate and breast cancer are most common type of cancers, occurring in men and women, respectively. Prostate cancer is the second largest cause among all cancer-related deaths in male population and breast cancer contributes to about 23% of the cancer cases, worldwide (Mahfoud et al. 2014).