Near-azeotropic volatility behavior of hydrous and anhydrous ethanol gasoline mixtures and impact on droplet evaporation dynamics

Abstract After fermentation, the concentration of bioethanol is only 8–12 wt%. To produce anhydrous ethanol fuel, a significant amount of energy is required for separation and dehydration. Once the azeotrope composition is reached, distillation can no longer be exploited for purification and more expensive methods must be used. Replacing anhydrous ethanol fuel with hydrous ethanol (at the azeotrope composition) can result in significant energy and cost savings during production. The goal of this study was to characterize the volatility behavior and the droplet evaporation dynamics of hydrous and anhydrous ethanol gasoline blends. Three hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends (10, 15, and 30 vol%) in which the hydrous ethanol was composed of the azeotropic proportions of ethanol and water, and three anhydrous ethanol gasoline blends (10, 15, and 30 vol%) were prepared and analyzed with the advanced distillation curve method. Distillation curves were obtained for all test fuels and distillate samples were taken during the distillation process. A droplet evaporation model validated with the distillation data was exploited to understand how the non-ideal volatility behavior of these blends, the high heat of vaporization of water, and altered fluid properties can affect the transient droplet evaporation phenomena and thus the fuel's potential to effectively mix with air in direct injection internal combustion engines. Minor differences in the distillation curves and vapor-liquid equilibrium between the hydrous and anhydrous fuels were measured. Droplet modeling results showed that the higher heat of vaporization and viscosity of water relative to ethanol can lead to significant differences in the net droplet evaporation time between the two types of blends, especially at the higher blending ratios evaluated. These results suggest that the presence of water in ethanol-gasoline blends may extend droplet lifetimes and increase the susceptibility of the fuel to form particulate matter emissions. This is the first study to use distillation methods to gain a better understanding of evaporation behavior and the role of water's non-linear vapor-liquid equilibrium on droplet evaporation dynamics.