Recent innovations for scaling up microbial fuel cell systems: Significance of physicochemical factors for electrodes and membranes materials

Abstract Background Unlimited energy demand and rapid urbane development are major deriving forces to generate bioelectricity through microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and have been a hot area for 2-decades. Various advancements have been employed to improve the MFC's efficiency through electrode and membrane materials. Methods Here, we discussed the recent innovations and developments to fabricate the electrode and membrane materials, which play a key role in bio-energy production and performance. Specifically, the morphological aspects, including pure/doped carbon-based electrodes and their large surface area, directly enhanced the oxygen reduction efficiency of MFCs. Findings The impact of organic and inorganic hybrid composite bio-polymer membranes and separators to improve the electron transfer ability and remedies for associated biofouling problems are also highlighted. Numerous enhancements to the material's physical, mechanical, and chemical properties are explored in detail to prevent biofouling issues. In addition, it highlights how the well-ordered mesopores, large surface area, and biocompatibility of MFCs directly affect their stability and performance. Finally, this review article introduces current issues with smart, feasible solutions, stability improvements, and future perspectives of MFCs and critically evaluated recent progress and developments in MFCs technology which can be useful for academic and industrial researchers.