What do we know about health risks related to thebaine in food

Abstract Opium alkaloids such as morphine and thebaine occur in the latex of Papaver somniferum varieties. Some varieties are used for both, pharmaceutical opium alkaloid generation and poppy seed production for food use. Poppy seeds can be contaminated with opium alkaloid-containing latex, e.g. during harvesting. In recent years, poppy seed contamination with opium alkaloids, including thebaine, gave repeatedly reasons for concern in Europe. So far, risk assessments regarding opium alkaloids in poppy seeds were mainly based on the morphine level, whereas other opium alkaloids thereunder thebaine could not be finally evaluated due to lack of data. However, available limited data indicate that thebaine exhibits a higher acute toxic potential than morphine. Therefore, exposure to thebaine by consumption of poppy seed-containing food could pose a health risk. Here, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding thebaine’s toxicological profile available for the assessment of potential health risks associated with its consumption via food.