AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİNİN ULUSAL MARŞLARININ SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL ve MÜZİKÂL AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ / ANALISIS OF THE NATIONAL MARCHES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN SOCIO - CULTURAL AND MUSICAL TERMS

Oz Bayrak ve ulusal mars gibi degerler, ulkelerin ve devletlerin yasamlarinda temel ve ortak unsurlardir. Her ulkenin ulusal gunlerinde birlik ve beraberligin sembolu olarak koro halinde soylenen ve ezbere bilinen mars bicimi; kurallari ile muziksel ozellikleri belirlenen vatan sarkilaridir. Beste ve guftesi buyuk anlam tasiyan ulkesinin kulturel ve folklorik ozelliklerini yansitan eserlerdir. Halk ya da ulus kavramlari ulusal marslarda toplumdan topluma sosyo-kulturel acidan farklilik gosterir. Bu ulkelerin icerik farkliligi yani gercekligidir. Ornegin ada ulkelerinde Japonya, Avustralya, Ingiltere toplumlarinda ulus kavrami tek bir tanimla ifade edilir. “Biz bir ulusuz” , “Tanri’nin kullariyiz” gibi… Politik gelisimlerin etkisine aciktir. Bir devletin sosyo-kulturel yapisini cozumlemede dili, bayragi, baskenti gibi ulusal marslari da belirleyici bir unsurdur. Ulusal mars ve belirtilen diger ogeler devletler ve onun hukumetleri tarafindan yasalar koyularak resmen onaylanir. Belirli bir amaca hizmet etmesi saglanir. Ulusal bilincin olusmasi ve kaliciligini muhafaza etmesi dusunulur. Zaman ve cografik yapiyla degisen dunya duzeninin topluluklar ve devletler acisindan onemi ele alis ve islevi yonuyle farklilik gosterebilir. Ornegin Alman Klasiginin zirvelerinden olan Schiller ve onun “Ode an die Freude” adli siirinin Beethoven tarafindan yapilan bestesi, Avrupa Birliginin resmi marsi olarak 1985’de Birligin Devlet ve Hukumet baskanliklarinca onaylanmistir. Ulusal mars ile devlet arasinda siki bir iliski vardir. Devletin onayladigi ve yasalastirdigi sey ulusal marstir ve bu sayede pekistirici bir etkendir. Ulusal marslar ile modern devletlerin olusumunda bir bag vardir. Bu bag ulusal marslarin simgesel ozelliklerinin ulkelerin taninmasinda etkin bir rol almasindan da kaynaklanir. Ornegin “Istiklal Marsi” 1982 Anayasasi ile belirlenmis olup anayasanin degistirilemez hukumleri arasindadir. Ozellikle Turklerin Milli Marsi olan “Istiklal Marsi” sayginin sembolu olarak ayaga kalkarak soylenir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulusal Mars, Muzik, Sosyo-Kulturel Degisimler Summary Values like flags and national marches are the basic and common elements in countries’ and governments’ lives. March form that is sung on national days of every country in chorus as a symbol of unity and known by heart are motherland songs and their principles and musical features are determined. They are the work of art of which composition / music and lyrics have great meanings and reflect their country’s cultural and folclorical features. Concepts of community or nation varies in national marches of each society in socio-cultural terms. This is the content difference namely its the authenticity of countries. For example, in island countries like Japan, Australia, Britain societies, nation concept is explained with one definition. Like “We are a nation” , “We are the subjects of God” … It is open to the effects of political developments. Analysing the socio-cultural structure of a government, its national march is the determining element like their language, flag and capital city. National march and other items specified are accepted formally with laws by countries and their governments. It is provided that they serve to a specific target. Forming of national consciousness and conserving its permanence is cared. The importance of social order of the world that changes by time and geographical structure can differ in terms of countries’ and societies’ treatments and functions. For example, Schiller who is the summit of German Clasic and Beethoven’s composition of his poem named “Ode an die Freude” was accepted as the government march of the European Union by the union’s Country and Government chairmenship in 1985. There is a strong association between national march and government. The thing that a government accepted and enacted is the national march and due to this it is a factor of reinforcement. There is a connection between national marches and formation of modern governments. This connection also grows out of the symbolic features of national marches that play an important role in introduction of the countries. For instance, “Istiklal Marsi” (Independence March) was determined by 1982 Constitution and it is one of the inconvertible adjudications. Especially Turkish national march “Istiklal Marsi” is sung afoot as a symbol of respect. Key Words: National March(Anthems), Music, Socio-cultural Changes