Preclinical and pharmacotoxicology evaluation of α-l-guluronic acid (G2013) as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with immunomodulatory property

AbstractContext: Therapeutic effects of α-l-guluronic acid with the greatest tolerability and efficacy (G2013) have been shown in experimental model of multiple sclerosis and other in vitro and in vivo examinations regarding α-l-guluronic acid; there are no toxicological researches on its safety although the pharmacological impacts have been recorded.Objective: This study was designed to determine the acute and sub chronic toxicity of α-l-guluronic acid in healthy male and female BALB/c mice.Materials and methods: For the acute toxicity study, the animals orally received five different single doses of α-l-guluronic acid and were kept under observation for 14 d. In the sub-chronic study, 24 male and female BALB/c mice were divided into four groups and treated daily with test substance preparation at dose levels of 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg body weight for at least 90 consecutive days. The mortality, body weight changes, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, histopatholo...