Quantification of the three-dimensional paper structure: Methods and potential

The paper presents the working principles of phase contrast X-ray microtomography and explains how 3D images of the paper structure may be obtained. Examples of visualization of the detailed paper structure and of characteristic parameters for the 3D paper structure are shown. Principles for measurement methods of the paper structure are described and results for the porous structure according to "the equivalent pore" concept presented. The paper also discusses the potential of quantitative analysis to explore the paper structure, both for new measurement methods and the potentials of applying 3D structure measurements to improve paper quality.