Propagation Models for LTN Systems

This chapter is an extensive review of models for calculating pathloss, intended for use with IoT systems operating below 1 GHz, in various environments (i.e. urban- and suburban macrocells, urban microcells, open areas, indoors of various types, vehicles). The chapter opens with the traditional Hata model and then moves on to the WINNER+ model and two 3GPP models: the simple one (for rough but quick estimates) and the extended one dealing in detail with SMa, UMa and indoor environments, providing a probabilistic approach to distinction between LOS and non-LOS conditions. The chapter also presents most recent resolutions regarding the calculation of losses on obstacles in modern and traditional buildings as well as some commonly used construction materials including their signal-scattering properties.