Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle

Abstract This study assessed the effectiveness of penetrating (PCB; 190  psi ; N = 363) and non-penetrating captive bolt guns (NPCB; 210–220  psi ; N = 92) to stun a total of 455 cattle (Zebu and Zebu Cross). Physical bolt parameters (momentum, kinetic energy and energy density) were evaluated. Clinical indicators of brain function were recorded after stunning (GR), after being hoisted (HO) and at the bleeding rail (BL). Physical bolt parameters (bolt velocity, momentum, kinetic energy, energy density and sectional density) were significantly higher ( P psi ; 29% vs. 12%, P psi ; 99%) compared to NPCB (91%; P P psi ) at GR than PCB. The NPCB with 210–220  psi had a higher frequency of response to nostril stimulation (2% vs. 0%; P psi at GR, HO and BL. Therefore, PCB with 190  psi was more effective in ensuring unconsciousness in cattle.