Biomarkers in early-phase trials: fundamental issues

Biomarkers are frequently being included in early phase clinical trials. This article is meant to introduce clinical investigators to the fundamentals of choosing a biomarker test for use in an early phase trial. Steps to consider are briefly outlined including defining the role of the biomarker in the early phase trial; selecting a fit-for-purpose biomarker test and laboratory; describing the test procedures; carrying out analytical validation testing appropriate for the research objectives and the risk involved in the trial; implementing the test in the trial; and planning for the future. Examples illustrate analytical validation approaches in the context of typical biomarker roles. The importance of collaboration between clinical investigators and laboratory researchers is emphasized.