A review on the modelling of carbonation of hardened and fresh cement-based materials

Abstract Different models have been proposed to investigate and predict the carbonation process of cement-based materials. This paper firstly introduces the carbonation process occurred in cement-based materials and those influential factors. Then the proposed empirical, thermodynamic, kinetic and numerical models to characterize the carbonation process of cement-based materials are reviewed. The theoretical basis, input parameters and major applications of different models are summarized and discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of those models are comparatively reviewed. Finally, modelling of early CO2 curing of fresh cement-based materials is also reviewed and compared with the carbonation of hardened cement-based materials.