Effect of high hydrostatic pressures on 20S proteasome activity

The 20S proteasome is the catalytic core of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway, which is implicated in many cellular processes. The cylindrical structure of this complex consists of four stacked rings of seven subunits each. The central cavity is formed by two β catalytic subunit rings in which protein substrates are progressively degraded. The 20S proteasome is isolated in a latent form which can be activated in vitro by various chemical and physical treatments. In this study, the effects of high hydrostatic pressures on 20S proteasome enzymatic activity were investigated. When proteasomes were subjected to increasing hydrostatic pressures, a progressive loss of peptidase activities was observed between 75 and 150 MPa. The inactivation also occurred when proteasomes were pressurized in the presence of synthetic peptide substrates; this may be the result of the dissociation of the 20S particle into its subunits under pressure, as was shown by PAGE. Pressurized proteasomes also lost their caseinolytic activity. In contrast, in the presence of casein, the pressure-induced inactivation and the dissociation of the 20S particles were prevented. In addition, in comparison to that observed at atmospheric pressure, their caseinolytic activity was increased under pressure. Following depressurization, the caseinolytic activity returned to basal levels but was further enhanced following an additional pressurization treatment. Thus, the structure of the 20S particle exhibits a certain degree of plasticity. This pressure-induced activation of the 20S proteasome is discussed in relation to its hollow structure, its currently accepted proteolytic mechanism and the general effect of high pressures on the biochemical reactions and structures of biopolymers.