Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, human immunodeficiency virus/herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, and associated risk factors in a national, population-based survey in Kenya

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a known biologic cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007 provided Kenyas first nationally representative estimate of HSV-2 prevalence and risk factors. METHODS: KAIS was a household serosurvey among women and men aged 15 to 64 years. The survey included a behavioral interview and serum testing for HSV-2 HIV and syphilis infections. Results were weighted for sampling design and nonresponse. RESULTS: Of 19840 eligible individuals 90% completed an interview and 80% consented to testing. In all 35% were infected with HSV-2 of which 42% were women and 26% were men. Between 15 and 24 years of age HSV-2 prevalence increased from 7% to 34% in women and 3% to 14% in men. Among couples 30% were HSV-2 concordant-positive 21% were discordant and 49% were concordant-negative. In all 81% of HIV-infected persons were coinfected with HSV-2. HIV prevalence was 16% among those with HSV-2 and 2% among those without HSV-2. Women with circumcised partners had an HSV-2 prevalence of 39% compared to 77% of women with uncircumcised partners. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of Kenyans were HSV-2 infected. HIV-1 infection age female sex and lack of male circumcision were population-level predictors for HSV-2 infection. Targeted prevention interventions are needed including an effective vaccine.