Redox-sensitive stimulation of type-1 ryanodine receptors by the scorpion toxin maurocalcine.

Abstract The scorpion toxin maurocalcine acts as a high affinity agonist of the type-1 ryanodine receptor expressed in skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated the effects of the reducing agent dithiothreitol or the oxidizing reagent thimerosal on type-1 ryanodine receptor stimulation by maurocalcine. Maurocalcine addition to sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles actively loaded with calcium elicited Ca 2+ release from native vesicles and from vesicles pre-incubated with dithiothreitol; thimerosal addition to native vesicles after Ca 2+ uptake completion prevented this response. Maurocalcine enhanced equilibrium [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding to native and to dithiothreitol-treated reticulum vesicles, and increased 5-fold the apparent K i for Mg 2+ inhibition of [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding to native vesicles. Single calcium release channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers displayed a long-lived open sub-conductance state after maurocalcine addition. The fractional time spent in this sub-conductance state decreased when lowering cytoplasmic [Ca 2+ ] from 10 μM to 0.1 μM or at cytoplasmic [Mg 2+ ] ≥ 30 μM. At 0.1 μM [Ca 2+ ], only channels that displayed poor activation by Ca 2+ were readily activated by 5 nM maurocalcine; subsequent incubation with thimerosal abolished the sub-conductance state induced by maurocalcine. We interpret these results as an indication that maurocalcine acts as a more effective type-1 ryanodine receptor channel agonist under reducing conditions.