Second staging of tartrate and carbonate anions in Mg–Al layered double hydroxide

Abstract The intercalation of tartrate was performed through ion exchange using carbonate Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) as precursor. The intermediate crystalline phase (so-called second-staging phase) was observed during the intercalation process. The pure second-staging LDH, in which alternate interlayer regions are occupied by carbonate and tartrate anions, was obtained by the deintercalation of interlayer tartrate with carbonate. It was also found that the interlayer tartrates are so stable that they are difficult to exchange by carbonate at room temperature.