Enhanced Brain Network Activity in Complex Movement Rhythms: A Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electroencephalography Study.

: Generating movement rhythms is known to involve a network of distributed brain regions associated with motor planning, control, execution, and perception of timing for the repertoire of motor actions. What brain areas are bound in the network and how the network activity is modulated by rhythmic complexity have not been completely explored. To contribute to answering these questions, we designed a study in which nine healthy participants performed simple to complex rhythmic finger movement tasks while undergoing simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (fMRI-EEG) recordings of their brain activity during the tasks and rest. From fMRI blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) measurements, we found that the complexity of rhythms was associated with brain activations in the primary motor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and cerebellum (Cb), and with network interactions from these cortical regions to the cerebellum. The spectral analysis of single-trial EEG source waveforms at the cortical regions further showed that there were bidirectional interactions between PMC and SMA, and the complexity of rhythms was associated with power spectra and Granger causality spectra in the beta (13-30 Hz) frequency band, not in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and gamma (30-58 Hz) bands. These results provide us new insights into the mechanisms for movement rhythm complexity.