Economic estimates of the climate costs of the aviation sector due to air management: insights for 2018 and 2019

HIGHLIGHTS • Changes in air-traffic management capacity may lead to an increase in distances flown and fuel burn. • The climate costs of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to capacity constraints in 2018 and 2019 ranged from 54 to 301 million EUR. • Total climate costs for 2018 and 2019 may be as high as 1 bn EUR.