Structural investigation of hydrous titanium dioxide precipitates and their formation by small-angle X-ray scattering

The mechanisms of formation and structure of precipitates hydrolyzed from aqueous solutions of titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS was found a powerful method for that purpose. The small colloidal primary particles that were present in the solutions at room temperature started to aggregate when thermal precipitation started. The aggregated particles coalesced until their radius was approximately 1 nm depending of the precipitation conditions to some extent. After that, the aggregation continued producing either mass fractal or surface fractal structures. The structure was mass fractal when primary particle concentration was high enough and surface fractal when concentrations were closer to the equilibrium state. With a delay ionic titanium started to precipitate. Because of its rather slow precipitation rate in the conditions of this study, only surface fractal aggregates were formed. The mass fractal structure was found X-ray amorphous and...