Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus

Hantavirus can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in America, with high mortality and unknow mechanisms. Innate immunity is the host’ first-line defense to bridge the acquired immunity against virual infections. However, hantavirus has evolved various strategies in both molecular and cellular aspects to evade the host's natural immune surveillance. The Interferon-I (IFN-I) signaling pathway, a central link of host defense, induces various antiviral proteins to control the infection. This paper summarizes the molecular mechanisms of hantavirus evasion mechanisms of the IFN signaling pathway and cellular processes such as autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Besides, hantavirus could also evade immune surveillance evasion through cellular mechanisms, such as up-regulating immune checkpoint molecules and inducing regulated cell death interfering with viral infections. Understanding hantavirus's antiviral immune evasion mechanisms will deepen our understanding of its pathogenesis and help us develop more effective methods to control and eliminate hantavirus.