Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, and its analogues: Effective therapies against different chronic diseases

Abstract Background Chronic diseases are a major cause of mortality worldwide and despite the recent development in treatment modalities, synthetic drugs have continued to show toxic side effects and development of chemoresistance, thereby limiting their application. The use of phytochemicals has gained attention as they show minimal side effects. Diosgenin is one such phytochemical which has gained importance for its efficacy against the life-threatening diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, nervous system disorders, asthma, arthritis, diabetes and many more. Aim To evaluate the literature available on the potential of diosgenin and its analogues in modulating different molecular targets leading to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Method A detailed literature search has been carried out on PubMed for gathering information related to the sources, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and toxicity of diosgenin and its analogues. Key findings The literature search resulted in many in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials that reported the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogues in modulating important molecular targets and signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK, etc., which play a crucial role in the development of most of the diseases. Reports have also revealed the safety of the compound and the adaptation of nanotechnological approaches for enhancing its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Significance Thus, the review summarises the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogues for developing as a potent drug against several chronic diseases.