Three-Dimensional Printing of Scaffolds with Synergistic Effects of Micro–Nano Surfaces and Hollow Channels for Bone Regeneration

The 3D printing technology with unique strategies for accurate fabrication of biomaterials in regenerative medicine has been widely applied in bone regeneration. However, the traditional 3D printing scaffolds are only stacked by solid struts without any hollow channel structures, which limits the new bone tissue formation. In this study, a special 3D scaffold with hollow channels and a micro–nano surface was prepared by a modified 3D printing strategy combined with the hydrothermal treatment approach. By regulating the reaction solution of hydrothermal treatment, the micro–nano structures formed on the surface of scaffolds can be successfully controlled. Moreover, the scaffolds have the ability to facilitate the attachment and proliferation of BMSCs after culturing for 1, 3, and 7 days in vitro. Interestingly, the in vivo results demonstrated that the hollow channels and the micro–nano surface present synergistic effects on bone regeneration. They both boost the new bone formation in femur defects in rabb...