The regulatory mechanism involved in the prostaglandin E2 disposition in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury

Abstract Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exhibits hepatoprotective effects against various types of liver injury. However, there is little information on the disposition of endogenous PGE2 during liver injury. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism involved in regulating PGE2 distribution during liver injury. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to establish a liver injury mouse model. PGE2 was measured by LC-MS/MS. The plasma and hepatic PGE2 levels were significantly increased at 6 to 48 h after CCl4 treatment. The ratio of plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoPGE2 (PGEM), a major PGE2 metabolite, to PGE2 decreased significantly after CCl4 treatment. PGE2 synthesis and expression of enzymes related to PGE2 production were not induced, while the activity and mRNA expression of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/Hpgd), a major enzyme for PGE2 inactivation, decreased significantly in the liver of CCl4-treated mice compared to that of vehicle-treated control. The plasma and hepatic PGE2 levels were negatively correlated with the hepatic mRNA expression levels of Hpgd. Although the mRNA expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/Slco2a1), a major PGE2 transporter, was upregulated, other hepatic OATPs decreased significantly at 24 h after CCl4 treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that 15-PGDH was mainly expressed in endothelial cells and that OATP2A1 was expressed at least in endothelial cells and Kupffer cells in the liver. These results suggest that the decreased 15-PGDH expression in hepatic endothelial cells is the principal mechanism for the increase in hepatic and plasma PGE2 levels due to the CCl4-induced liver injury.