Potent Antimalarial Febrifugine Analogues against the Plasmodium Malaria Parasite

Although febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2), alkaloids isolated from roots of the Dichroa febrifuga plant, show powerful antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, strong side effects such as the emetic effect have precluded their clinical use against malaria. However, their antimalarial potency makes them attractive substances as leads for developing new types of chemotherapeutic antimalarial drugs. Thus, we have evaluated the in vitro antimalarial activity of the analogues of febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2). The activities of the analogues derived from Df-1 (3) and Df-2 (4), condensation products of 1 and 2 with acetone, respectively, were also obtained. The 3‘ ‘-keto derivative (7, EC50 = 2.0 × 10-8 M) of 1 was found to exhibit potential antimalarial activity with high selectivity against P. falciparum in vitro. The in vitro activities of the reduction product (8, EC50 = 2.0 × 10-8 M) of 1 at C-2‘ and its cyclic derivatives 9 and 10 (EC50 = 3.7 × 10-9 and 8.6 × 10-9 M, respectively...