GLP-1/GIP and their analogs can direct b-cell proliferation and increase b-cell function. Neogenesis and transdifferentiation are two potential approaches for in vivo b-cell replenishment. Glucokinase activators and microRNA offer alternative pathways for b-cell enhancement. b-cell function can be augmented by enhancing the expression of insulin gene transcription factors. Practice Points b-cell preservation and regeneration for diabetes treatment: where are we now?

Diabetes Manage. (2012) 2(3), 213–222 SUMMARY Over the last decade, our knowledge of b-cell biology has expanded with the use of new scientific techniques and strategies. Growth factors, hormones and small molecules have been shown to enhance b-cell proliferation and function. Stem cell technology and research into the developmental biology of the pancreas have yielded new methods for in vivo and in vitro regeneration of b cells from stem cells and endogenous progenitors as well as transdifferentiation of non- b cells. Novel pharmacological approaches have been developed to preserve and enhance b-cell function. Strategies to increase expression of insulin gene transcription factors in dysfunctional and immature b cells have ameliorated these impairments. Hence, we suggest that strategies to minimize b-cell loss and to increase their function and regeneration will ultimately lead to therapy for both Type 1 and 2 diabetes. 1