Wechselbiegeapparatur für die in situ-Untersuchung von Zerrüttungsvorgängen im RasterelektronenmikroskopSpecimen support for the in situ observation of bending fatigue

An SEM stage (Fig. 1 and 2) is described which allows bending fatigue of metallic specimens in the vacuum of the specimen chamber. With the aid of inductive displacement pick-ups the angle of bending can be measured (Fig. 3) as well as the momentum of bending (Fig. 4). Thus the mechanical hysteresis can be registrated and the fatigue of the specimen can be controlled. Fig. 5 shows the geometry of the fatigue specimen, which has an electrolytically polished surface area of about 6 × 3 mm2 on which the development of deformation topography can be studied during the fatigue experiment. The main advantages of the new fatigue apparatus are: 1 No interruption of cyclic straining is necessary for the investigation of the specimen surface. 2 The specimen is in vacuum during the complete experiment so that environmental influences are reduced. 3 The development of surface topography can be monitored continuously. 4 Differences of the topography (e. g. fatigue cracks) in the phase of tension and compression can be detected. In the case of fatigue of polycrystalline metals, fatigue cracks often start at the surface of the specimen in slipbands produced by the cyclic straining. Fig. 6 shows typical fatigue slipbands with extrusions and intrusions for pure Al. A slipband crack in a later stage of fatigue is shown in Fig. 7. For the investigation of the distribution of fatigue cracks at the surface the possibility of watching the surface in different phases of bending is a great help. The cyclic crack opening – which depends on the crack depth – can be seen by eye on the TV-screen and can be recorded on video tape when the frequency of bending is about 1 cycle/s or can be photographed from the record display at very low frequencies of bending. Fig. 8 gives an example of the difference in crack opening in the phase of tension and compression of the specimen surface respectively.