Rapid one-step in situ synthesis of carbon nanoparticles with cellulosic paper for biosensing

Abstract The embedment of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on paper-based analytical devices (PADs) possesses great potential as a biosensing platform owing to the synergistic combination of their respective advantageous properties. However, their applicability in actual biomedical scenarios is undermined by their cumbersome fabrication process. Here, we present a CNP-embedded PAD (CNP-PAD) that is fabricated through a one-step laser engraving method. We demonstrate the ultra-fast in situ synthesis (