Patterns and mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in Portugal

Little is known about β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor susceptibilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from animals. Seventy-two isolates collected from canine urinary tract infections were studied by disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The mechanisms responsible for amoxicillin resistance were associated with the production of β-lactamases in 26 (36%) isolates. These β-lactamases were further characterized by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and PCR, and bla TEM , bla OXA-1 , bla SHV and ampC genes were detected. The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin and ticarcillin, with MIC 90 s of 2048 mglL. The MIC 90 of cefalothin was 128 mglL, but the MIC 90 s of ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and aztreonam were lower (0.5, 0.06, 0.25 and 0.5 mglL, respectively). Fourteen isolates were not inhibited by clavulanate. The mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors involved the presence of TEM-1 β-lactamase in 20 isolates, which had an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.4 and were positive for the presence of the bla TEM gene. Fourteen of these isolates produced TEM-1 β-lactamase alone, and the other six showed an additional band at pI 9.0-9.2 on IEF and the ampC gene by PCR, indicating the simultaneous production of AmpC enzyme. IEF showed that one isolate produced AmpC alone and PCR detected the presence of the ampC gene. Three of the 26 β-lactamases with a pI of 7.6 belonged to the SHV family, which was confirmed by the presence of the bla SHV gene. The remaining two β-lactamases were OXA-1 focusing at 7.4, and were encoded by the bla OXA-1 gene. Resistance to β-lactamase inhibitors was mediated mainly by TEM-1 alone (six of 26) or together with AmpC (four of 26), AmpC alone (one of 26), SHV (one of 26) and OXA-1 (two of 26) enzymes. Clear resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (64 mglL), was found in one isolate. Isolates producing either AmpC or OXA-1 enzymes or producing high levels of TEM-1 β-lactamases had susceptibility patterns that were difficult to distinguish without IEF andlor amplification of the corresponding specific genes. This work supports the need for antimicrobial resistance surveillance in veterinary medicine.