Computerized physical and cognitive training improves functional architecture of the brain in Down Syndrome adults: a longitudinal network science EEG study

Understanding the neuroplastic capacity of people with Down Syndrome (PwDS) can reveal the cause-effect relationship between aberrant brain organization and phenotypic characteristics. Non-invasive, neuroplasticity-triggering, training protocols, coupled with conventional evaluation methods, have reported promising results. However, the, so far, sparse neurophysiological and network science evidence, are also crucial in quantifying the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Using electroencephalography (EEG)-acquired data, as well as connectivity and graph-theory approach, we aim to evaluate the effect of a non-invasive intervention on PwDS and track neuroplastic shifts in the DS brain network. 12 PwDS (6 males, average age 29) completed our 10-week protocol (combined physical and cognitive training). Prior to and after the intervention, they underwent eyes-open, resting-state EEG measurements in conjunction with psychosomatometric assessments. After the short-term training, the evaluations reflect increases in physical and cognitive capabilities, while the functional connectivity analysis showed a significant reorganization of the brain network of PwDS (i.e., calibration of connection intensity) and graph-theory analysis indicated significantly increased global and local efficiency and clustering and decreased path length between nodes. These differences delineate the effects of adaptational neuroplasticity, revealing a transition to a healthier, more efficient, and flexible network architecture, with improved integration and segregation abilities and a possible deceleration of neurodegenerative processes in the brain of PwDS. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04390321.