Gut-to-brain signals in feeding control.

Interoceptive signals from gut and adipose tissue and sensory cues from the environment are integrated by hubs in the brain to regulate feeding behavior and maintain homeostatic control of body weight. In vivo neural recordings have revealed that these signals control the activity of multiple layers of hunger neurons and that eating is not only the result of feedback correction to a set point, but can also be under the influence of anticipatory regulations. A series of recent technical developments have revealed how peripheral and sensory signals in particular from the gut are conveyed to the brain to integrate neural circuits. Here, we describe the mechanisms involved in gastrointestinal stimulation by nutrients and how these signals act on the hindbrain to generate motivated behaviors. We also consider the organization of multidirectional intra- and extra-hypothalamic circuits and how this has created a framework for understanding neural control of feeding.