‘The peace less kept’? The Origins, Revelations and Impact of Edward I's ‘Trailbaston’ Commissions of 1305–7

Named after those highwaymen who brandished ‘trailbastons’, or clubs, with which to beat their victims, Edward I's great commissions into crime, issued in 1305, achieved notoriety almost immediately, meriting a mention in a number of the chronicles of the period. Historians, too, have frequently commented on them, though there has been little research on disorder in this period or on the ‘trailbaston’ commissions directly, which is surprising given their fame. My aim here is to evaluate the historiography of ‘trailbaston’, and to offer some new thoughts on the origins, revelations and impact of what were, at the time of their genesis, the most wide-ranging enquiries into disorder ever yet attempted in medieval England. The ‘trailbaston’ commissions did not emerge suddenly and fully formed in 1305, though how exactly they came about is a matter of debate. Certainly there were standard vagabond commissions in a number of counties in 1304 – suggesting governmental concern with crime – before a more wide-ranging commission to make inquiry under a set of articles was issued in November. (This may or may not have been linked to the findings of the earlier, more standard vagabond commissions, but there is no evidence to deduce that for certain.) Under the terms of this new commission, the justices were not only to inquire into malefactors, but also those who ‘hired’ them. By March 1305 further commissions had been sent out to several other counties.