Preparation of gold nanoparticles by novel bacterial exopolysaccharide for antibiotic delivery

Abstract Aim To develop potent drug delivery agents to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) being a reducing and stabilizing agent. Methods Gold nanoparticles were prepared by EPS, extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum . AuNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Antibiotics used for functionalization of AuNPs were levofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. The resulted functionalized AuNPs were tested against various MDR bacteria by employing different assays such as well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time killing assay. Key findings The nanostructures exhibited excellent bactericidal activity and reduced MIC and MBC against MDR Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria compared to free drugs. Escherichia coli was the most susceptible MDR bacteria followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . TEM results revealed that the bactericidal activity of nanostructures could be mediated by penetration, loss of cytoplasmic contents and cell lysis. Significance Antibiotic functionalized nanostructures were more potent than free drugs and could be used as potent drug delivery vehicles.