Hazard Perception Test (HPT): A Pilot Study in Brazil

Traffic collisions are a major cause of violent death and disability worldwide (Goldman & Ausiello, 2009). In developing countries, mortality rates are significantly higher when compared to other countries. In Brazil, official data show 23.4 fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to 10.6 in the United States and 6.0 in Canada (Global Status Report on Road Safety, 2015). Driving requires specific motor and cognitive skills, such hazard perception. The Hazard Perception Test (HPT) assesses a drivers' ability to identify or anticipate dangerous situations in traffic (Horswill & McKenna, 2004) and taps into different cognitive processes, such as speed to detect the hazard, judgment of hazard severity, and decision-making. The HPT has been directly associated with the risk of collision (Darby et al, 2009; McKenna & Horswill, 1999; Quimby et al, 1986; Wells et al, 2008). Many countries, such as Australia and Great Britain, have made hazard perception a regular component of the driving test. In Brazil, however, candidates undergo an exam that has the characteristics of a clinical screening and does not assess context-specific cognitive abilities. Thus, there is a clear demand for clinical procedures with greater diagnostic sensitivity that address fundamental abilities such as hazard perception. The goal of the study was to employ an adapted version of the static Hazard Perception Test (s-HPT) under standardized Brazilian conditions. Results indicated that drivers' ability to perceive hazards is clearly dependent on variables such as expertise, age, and gender. The results are in accordance with previous studies conducted in other countries.