Atomistic Origin of High-Concentration Ce 3 + in {100}-Faceted Cr-Doped CeO 2 Nanocrystals

Improving the potential of promising CeO2-based nanocatalysts in practical applications requires an atomic-scale analysis of the effects of active dopants on the distribution of Ce valence states and the formation of oxygen vacancies (Vos). In this study, a Cr dopant is introduced into the cubic {100}-faceted CeO2 nanocrystals (NCs) with an average size of 7.8 nm via supercritical water. The Cr dopants substitute Ce sites in the amount of approximately 3 mol%. Based on the aberration-corrected STEM-EELS, the effects of Cr dopant on the distribution of cation valence states in the Cr-doped CeO2 NCs are investigated layer by layer across the ultrafine Cr-doped CeO2 NC perpendicular to the {100} exposed facet. It is found that an increased amount of Ce3+ cations is present in Cr-doped CeO2 NCs, particularly in the internal atomic layers, compared to the non-doped CeO2 NCs. The atomic-scale analysis of the local structure combined with theoretical calculations demonstrates that Cr dopant reduces the formation energy of Vos and increases mobility of oxygen atoms for the nano-sized CeO2. These effects, in principle, result in an improved oxygen storage capacity and provide a fundamental understanding of role of the dopant in the formation and distribution of VOs in the doped CeO2 NCs.