High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder (large cell and small cell mixed): a literature review and case report of a rare bladder tumor

Neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder are rare, and the rarest neuroendocrine tumor of the bladder is large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Here, we report a histologically confirmed case of mixed large and small cell high-grade neuroendocrine tumor of the bladder, which was positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin on immunohistochemical staining. Treatment consisted of TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor) and systemic chemotherapy with cisplatin and irinotecan. To guide selection of the optimal treatment for LCNEC of the bladder, we also review the literature regarding the treatment of LCNEC of the bladder and of other sites.