"Race" Is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept

Preface Introduction 1. THE BIOLOGY OF HUMAN VARIATION 1.1. Background of a Belief 1.2. Adaptive Traits: Clines 1.2.1. Skin 1.2.2. Tooth Size 1.2.3. Hemoglobin S 1.2.4. Blood Groups 1.2.5. Clusters and Non-Adaptive Traits 2. THE PERCEPTION AND HUMAN DIFFERENCES IN THE PAST 2.1. What Should We Call "Them?" 2.2. The Peasant Perspective 2.3. Antiquity 2.4. Renaissance 2.5. Enlightenment-The "Age of Reason" 2.6. Science and The Greatness of God 2.7. The Limits of Reason 2.8. Linnaeus and Classification 2.8.1. Linnaeus and the Classification of the Human Species 2.8.2. The Great Chain of Being 2.9. Buffon and Continuity 2.10. Camper and the Facial Angle 2.11. Assessing the Meaning of Human Differences 3. ONE ORIGIN OR MANY? 3.1. The Roots of "Polygenism" 3.1.1. Paracelsus 3.1.2. Peyrere 3.2. Monogenism 4. ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 4.1. Blumenbach and "Degeneration" 4.2. The Scottish Enlightenment Comes to America 4.3. Samuel Stanhope Smith: "Race" From the Perspective of the American Enlightenment 5. THE TRIUMPH OF FEELING OVER REASON 5.1. Romanticism 6. PHRENOLOGY 7. THE FOUNDING OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY 7.1 The Post-Colonial United States of America 7.2. Samuel George Morton and the American Origin of Biological Anthropology 8. PASSING THE TORCH 8.1. Louis Agassiz, Archetypical American 9. THE DEMISE OF MONOGENISM AND THE RISE OF POLYGENISM 9.1. John Bachman: The Last Monogenist 9.2. Josiah Clark Nott: The Voice of American Radicalism 9.3. Scotland: Dr. Robert Knox 9.4. France: Comte de Gobineau 10. TOWARDS A WAR OVER SLAVERY AND AFTERWARDS 10.1. George R. Gliddon 10.2. "Race" and Politics 10.3. War and Its Aftermath 11. THE FRENCH CONNECTION 11.1. Paul Broca and the Professionalization of Biological Anthropology 11.2. The Demise of the American School of Anthropology 12. THE LEGACY OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL IN AMERICA 12.1. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler (1841-1906) 12.2. The First World War 12.3. The French Connection and the Concept of "Race" 12.4. William Z. Ripley and the Magic Three 12.5. Madison Grant 12.6. Lothrop Stoddard 13. THE ETHOS OF EUGENICS 13.1. Eugenics 13.2. Eugenics Exported to America 13.3. Germany 13.4. "Race" and Eugenics Applied to the Shaping of America 14. HENRY FORD AND THE ETHOS OF THE HOLOCAUST 14.1. The Anti-Semitism of Henry Ford 14.2. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 15. THE OUTLOOK OF THE BIGOT BRIGADE 15.1. "Race" and "Intelligence" 15.2. "Statistical Theology and the Worship of 'g'" 15.3. Sir Cyril Burt-"Scientific" Fraud 16. THE GALTONIAN LEGACY IN AMERICA 16.1. World War I 16.2. "Intelligence" and Immigration 16.3. Lewis Terman and Genetic Predestination 16.4. Walter Lippmann Versus the Termanites 17. "RACE" IN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 17.1. Ale Hrdlicka and the Smithsonian: Organizing the Profession 17.2. Academia and The Patterns of Thought in Biological Anthropology: Sir Arthur Keith 17.3 Keith's Influence on America: Earnest Albert Hooton 17.4. Carleton Coon on "Race" 17.5. Science and Society on "Race" After World War II 18. THE LEGACY OF PIONEER FUND 18.1. The Promotion of "Scientific" Racism 18.2. Jensenism 18.3. Galton and "The Bell Curve" 18.4. J. Philippe Rushton 18.5. Richard Lynn 19. "OTHERISM" 19.1. Afterthoughts Sources Cited Index