Effect of Fatigue on Medial Elbow Torque in Baseball Pitchers: A Simulated Game Analysis:

Background:The incidence of overuse injury to the elbow among baseball pitchers continues to rise, despite extensive efforts at pitch count regulations and emphasis on proper throwing mechanics.Purpose:To determine if the medial elbow experiences increased torque levels as a baseball pitcher fatigues through the course of a simulated game.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:High school and collegiate baseball pitchers were recruited for this simulated game study. Each pitcher completed a simulated game consisting of 6 innings and a standardized pitching scheme of fastballs, curveballs, and changeups. In total, each pitcher threw 90 pitches. Fatigue was reported per inning with a visual analog scale, and pitch velocity was captured per pitch with a radar gun. Outcome measures were assessed with a validated mobile sensor and included medial elbow torque, arm speed, arm rotation, and arm slot. Linear and quadratic regression modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between pitcher fatigue...