Bax expression is optimal at low oxygen tension and constant agitation

Abstract Bax is a pro-apoptosis protein that translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane upon initiation of programed cell death. Bax subsequently disrupts the mitochondria membrane, resulting in the release of cytochrome C which activates the downstream caspases. The structure of inactive Bax has been solved, but despite intensive investigation, the mechanism by which it regulates apoptosis is not established. The low yield of Bax expression in E. coli hampers efforts to elucidate the mechanism. Thus, we undertook a systematic study aimed at improving the yield of Bax. Bacteria were grown in a computer-controlled fermenter and expression was induced by addition of Isopropyl s- d -1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The Bax expression level decreased continuously when the dissolved oxygen level was kept at 30%, which is non-limiting for E. coli. Alternatively, when oxygen input was decreased with constant agitation and air flow (or kLa), Bax yield increased by a factor of three. To make sure the short chain fatty acids generated during micro-aerobic fermentation had no adverse effect, their concentrations were closely monitored with HPLC and their effect on cell growth and Bax expression were investigated additionally using shake flasks. Through proteomic analysis using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling, we identified degradation pathway within E. coli cells as a potential player behind the lower expression level.