Innovations in WASH Impact Measures

This report reviews the landscape of technologies, methods, and approaches that can support and improve on the water and sanitation indicators for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets 6.1, by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all, and 6.2, by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. In chapter 1, authors with the JMP review the rationale for a continued primary reliance on household surveys and censuses because these data sources are readily available from national statistical offices. Chapter 2, review water quality monitoring standards applicable to SDG 6 and the Joint Monitoring Programme's (JMP) proposed water quality approach, and present methods and technologies for monitoring household and community-level microbial and physiochemical contamination. Chapter 3 identifies outcomes that are explicitly or implicitly identified in the SDG target on sanitation and hygiene and the extent to which those outcomes are represented in the proposed service ladders. Chapter 4, describes some limitations of, and alternatives to, traditional measurement methods for measuring water and sanitation use and behavior. Chapter 5 reviews the use of remote sensing and local sensors for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) monitoring. In chapter 6, a number of electronic data collection and dissemination tools used in WASH programs are reviewed.