Dissected axillary artery cannulation in redo-total arch replacement surgery

removed; however, the contaminated needle puncture may be associated with subsequent mediastinal infection, so empirical antimicrobial therapy is suggested in selected cases. In conclusion, surgeons could consider EBUS-TBNA as an effective and alternative option in the diagnosis, subsequent surgical intervention, and identification of the causative agent of mediastinal infections in patients who are unable to undergo surgery.