Outcomes of Infants with Very Low Birth Weight Associated with Birthplace Difference: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Births in Japan and California

Objective To determine whether outcomes among infants with very low birth weight (VLBW) vary according to the birthplace (Japan or California) controlling for maternal ethnicity. Study design Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and mortality were ascertained for infants with VLBW born at 24-29 weeks of gestation during 2008-2017 and retrospectively analyzed by the country of birth for mothers and infants (Japan or California) Results Rates of severe IVH, mortality, or combined IVH/mortality were lower in the 24,095 infants born in Japan (5.1%, 5.0%, 8.8% respectively) compared with infants born in California either to 157 mothers with Japanese ethnicity (12.5%, 9.7%, 17.8%) or to a comparison group of 6173 non-Hispanic White mothers (8.4%, 8.8%, 14.6%). Odds ratios (95% CI) for adverse outcomes were increased for infants born in California to mothers with Japanese ethnicity compared with infants born in Japan for severe IVH [3.31 (1.93-5.68)], mortality [3.73 (2.03-6.86)], and the combined outcome [3.26 (2.02-5.27)]. Odds of these outcomes also were increased for infants born in California to non-Hispanic White mothers compared with infants born in Japan. Outcomes of infants born in California did not differ by Japanese or non-Hispanic White maternal ethnicity. Conclusions Low rates of severe IVH and mortality for infants with VLBW born in Japan were not seen in infants born in California to mothers with Japanese ethnicity. Differences in systems of regional perinatal care, social environment, and the quality of perinatal care may partially account for these differences in outcomes.