Designing Circle Swimmers: Principles and Strategies.

Various microswimmers move along circles rather than straight lines due to their swimming mechanism, body shape or the hydrodynamic effects. Here, we adopt the concepts of stochastic thermodynamics to analyze circle swimmers confined in a two-dimensional plane, and studied the trade-off relations between various physical quantities such as precision, energy cost and rotational speed. Based on these findings, we predicted principles and strategies for designing microswimmers of special optimized functions under limited energy resource conditions, which would bring new experimental inspiration for designing smart motors.