Bioactive fibers for bone regeneration

Abstract Electrospinning technique is one of the most cost-effective methods to produce controlled artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) for bone regeneration. The production of organic/inorganic nanofibers mimics shape and morphology of the collagen fibrils found in natural bone ECM, providing the needed 3D environment for bone cells to restore bone. The combination of synthetic biodegradable polymers, biopolymers, hydrogels, bioglass, and crystalline ceramics results in the production of bioactive nanofibers with different properties. In this chapter, we review the current possibilities of the strategies based on bioactive fibers applied in bone regeneration, as well as the mechanisms that bone undergoes when it is regenerated, to understand the standards that an artificial ECM must fulfill to be as efficient as possible.