The prevalence, patterns, and correlates of gambling behaviours in men: an exploratory study from Goa, India

Abstract Background There is an evidence gap on gambling in India, where gambling is viewed predominantly through the legal lens. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of gambling. Methods Cross-sectional data from the follow-up assessment in a cohort (n = 1514 men) from India. The following data was collected using a structured questionnaire: socio-demographic information, gambling, interpersonal violence, tobacco use, alcohol use disorders (AUD), common mental disorders, and suicidality. Logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of gambling. Results 658 participants (45.4%) reported gambling in the past year, and purchasing lotteries was the most frequent form of gambling (67.8%). Current gambling was correlated with rural residence (OR 1.42, CI 1.05-1.93, p = 0.02), work-related problems (OR 1.42, CI 1.03-1.96, p = 0.03), interpersonal violence (OR 3.45, CI 1.22-9.75, p = 0.02), tobacco use (OR 1.59, CI 1.16-2.19, p = 0.004), and AUD (OR 2.14, CI 1.35-3.41, p = 0.001). 724 (49.9%) participants reported gambling at least once in their lifetime. Lifetime gambling was correlated with work-related problems (OR 1.57, CI 1.14- 2.17, p = 0.006), interpersonal violence (OR 4.03, CI 1.32- 12.30 p = 0.02), tobacco use (OR 1.60, CI 1.16- 2.20, p = 0.004), and AUD (OR 2.12, CI 1.33- 3.40, p = 0.002). Age was significantly associated with playing lottery more frequently (OR 3.24, CI 1.34-7.84, p = 0.009) and tobacco use was significantly associated with playing matka more frequently (OR 1.69, CI 1.08- 2.64, p = 0.02). Discussion The high prevalence of gambling and its association with social problems and risk factors for non-communicable diseases warrants further epidemiological research.