Water footprint of biofuels in Brazil: assessing regional differences

The expected expansion of bioenergy in Brazil has raised concerns about the implications for its current comfortable situation of water resources availability. As water availability within the Brazilian territory is uneven, the bioenergy expansion might represent different impacts on the water resources of different regions. This work assessed, at the municipal and state levels, (i) the green and blue water footprint (WF) of the main liquid biofuels produced in Brazil (sugarcane ethanol and biodiesel); (ii) the impacts of full and salvage irrigation strategies on sugarcane WF; and (iii) the water demand for differ- ent agricultural land use scenarios. For the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Goias, the WF of sugarcane ethanol was evaluated around 71 L MJ -1 , while in the state of Parana it reaches 100 L MJ -1 . For biodiesel, values were between 40 and 50 L MJ -1 . The blue WF was negligible for both biofuels, as the use of irrigation is still limited in Brazil today. Additionally, the analysis showed that full and salvage irrigation strategies would lead to lower WFs in all states considered, though in the expense of larger volumes of blue WF. Regarding land use change, the results suggested that additional evapotranspira- tion is occurring due to sugarcane expansion. Nevertheless, given the current situation of the Brazilian water basins, there is no evidence that sugarcane expansion over these areas will lead to critical pres- sure on water resources. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd