Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques

In this chapter we discuss practical techniques and instrumentation used in experimental measurements of kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. After describing methods to determine IE’s on rate constants, brief treatments of mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, NMR measurements of isotope effects, the use of radio-isotopes, techniques to determine vapor pressure and other equilibrium IE’s, and IE’s in small angle neutron scattering are presented.