Chronic cannabis use and attentional bias: Extended attentional capture to cannabis cues

Abstract Introduction A significant proportion of chronic cannabis users experience occupational, social, and psychological problems thought to reflect, in part, cannabis-related cognitive and emotional attentional biases. The emotional attentional blink (EAB) is a unique test of attentional bias that assesses automatic responses, cue-detection failures, and rapid and temporally extended biases. Using the EAB, we tested users' and non-users' attentional biases and how cannabis exposure correlates with these attentional biases. Methods Forty-eight regular cannabis users and 51 non-users completed demographic, psychological, and cannabis-use reports and two EAB target-detection experiments. Each experiment comprised 160 trials. Each trial included a rapid serial visual presentation of images with one of four types of distractor images (cannabis, generically positive, neutral, or scrambled) preceding the target image. Distractor images were presented 200 ms (Lag 2) or 800 ms (Lag 8) before the target in Experiment 1 and 200 ms (Lag 2) or 500 ms (Lag 5) before the target in Experiment 2. Results Chronic cannabis users exhibited exaggerated, immediate attentional bias (Lag 2) and exaggerated, extended attentional bias (Lag 5) compared to non-users. The intensity of cannabis-use (grams per week) correlated with more errors at the extended attentional bias durations (Lags 5 and 8). Conclusions Our results represent novel evidence of automatic attentional capture consistent with an exaggerated “wanting” motive in models of addiction. Our unique evidence of temporally extended attentional biases is consistent with attentional disengagement deficits associated with chronic cannabis use.