Evaluating high-altitude ramsar wetlands in the Eastern Himalayas

Abstract Himalayan high-altitude wetlands (HAWs) are some of the most iconic and hydrologically dynamic ecosystems in South and Central Asia. Yet little is known about their historical ecology; less is reported on their management. To address these gaps, this article leverages predictive modelling and multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate HAWs for biological conservation. Specifically, it builds upon prior efforts to recognize HAW “complexes” as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. Results indicate that HAWs occupy 69 430 ha in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas, with marginal, fringe, or seasonal extents expanding outward to 170 700 ha. Over 800 species are documented from these sites, including migratory birds of relevance to the Ramsar Convention. For example, species like the Black-necked Crane, Ruddy Shelduck, and Eurasian Widgeon depend on HAWs for breeding and layover. Although a third of identified HAWs occur within protected areas, those of highest conservation potential are located outside of these zones along India's trans-Himalayan frontier. Existing laws and state notifications largely support wetland conservation. However, both the Ramsar Secretariat and Government of India should further clarify legal terminology, such as the principal of “wise use”, to ensure that parties meet Convention obligations. Future efforts are needed to systematically survey HAW biodiversity and monitor their responses to global change.