The Coupled Action Potential Pulse (Appulse)-Neural Network Efficiency from a Synchronised Oscillating Lipid Pulse Hodgkin Huxley Action Potential

Assumptions of almost instantaneous activation of progressive ion channels to produce the Hodgkin Huxley Action Potential are based upon the belief that electrostatic charge can travel from one channel to the next at the speed of the Action Potential: empirical evidence from channel spacing, ionic radii and diffusion coefficients demonstrate this is not the case. Evidence exists from ion channel studies and entropy measurements of a Synchronous Oscillating Hodgkin Huxley Action Potential Lipid Pulse Structure that is both efficient and fulfils entropy measurement results. Depending upon the spatial arrangement of ion channels and other membrane components: the pulse may be HH or Lipid ‘soliton’ or both. This is a more consistent model for membrane pulse transmission than either HH or a soliton: it is consistent with observed studies in both unmyelinated and myelinated axon and the principle may be applied both to axons and muscle, including cardiac muscle.