ArticlesGlobal, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Methods We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative Nicholas J Kassebaum*, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Megan S Coggeshall, Katya A Shackelford, Caitlyn Steiner, Kyle R Heuton, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Ryan Barber, Chantal Huynh, Daniel Dicker, Tara Templin, Timothy M Wolock, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren†, Foad Abd-Allah†, Semaw Ferede Abera†, Tom Achoki†, Ademola Adelekan†, Zanfi na Ademi†, Arsene Kouablan Adou†, Jose C Adsuar†, Emilie E Agardh†, Dickens Akena†, Deena Alasfoor†, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu†, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho†, Samia Alhabib†, Raghib Ali†, Mazin J Al Kahbouri†, Francois Alla†, Peter J Allen†, Mohammad A AlMazroa†, Ubai Alsharif†, Elena Alvarez†, Nelson Alvis-Guzman†, Adansi A Amankwaa†, Azmeraw T Amare†, Hassan Amini†, Walid Ammar†, Carl A T Antonio†, Palwasha Anwari†, Johan Arnlov†, Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic†, Ali Artaman†, Majed Masoud Asad†, Rana J Asghar†, Reza Assadi†, Lydia S Atkins†, Alaa Badawi†, Kalpana Balakrishnan†, Arindam Basu†, Sanjay Basu†, Justin Beardsley†, Neeraj Bedi†, Tolesa Bekele†, Michelle L Bell†, Eduardo Bernabe†, Tariku J Beyene†, Zulfi qar Bhutta†, Aref Bin Abdulhak†, Jed Blore†, Berrak Bora Basara†, Dipan Bose†, Nicholas Breitborde†, Rosario Cardenas†, Carlos A Castaneda-Orjuela†, Ruben Estanislao Castro†, Ferran Catala-Lopez†, Alanur Cavlin†, Jung-Chen Chang†, Xuan Che†, Costas A Christophi†, Sumeet S Chugh†, Massimo Cirillo†, Samantha M Colquhoun†, Leslie Trumbull Cooper†, Cyrus Cooper†, Iuri da Costa Leite†, Lalit Dandona†, Rakhi Dandona†, Adrian Davis†, Anand Dayama†, Louisa Degenhardt†, Diego De Leo†, Borja del Pozo-Cruz†, Kebede Deribe†, Muluken Dessalegn†, Gabrielle A deVeber†, Samath D Dharmaratne†, Ugur Dilmen†, Eric L Ding†, Rob E Dorrington†, Tim R Driscoll†, Sergei Petrovich Ermakov†, Alireza Esteghamati†, Emerito Jose A Faraon†, Farshad Farzadfar†, Manuela Mendonca Felicio†, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad†, Graca Maria Ferreira de Lima†, Mohammad H Forouzanfar†, Elisabeth B Franca†, Lynne Gaffi kin†, Ketevan Gambashidze†, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe†, Ana C Garcia†, Johanna M Geleijnse†, Katherine B Gibney†, Maurice Giroud†, Elizabeth L Glaser†, Ketevan Goginashvili†, Philimon Gona†, Dinorah Gonzalez-Castell†, Atsushi Goto†, Hebe N Gouda†, Harish Chander Gugnani†, Rahul Gupta†, Rajeev Gupta†, Nima Hafezi-Nejad†, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh†, Mouhanad Hammami†, Graeme J Hankey†, Hilda L Harb†, Rasmus Havmoeller†, Simon Hay†, Ileana B Heredia Pi†, Hans W Hoek†, H Dean Hosgood†, Damian G Hoy†, Abdullatif Husseini†, Bulat T Idrisov†, Kaire Innos†, Manami Inoue†, Kathryn H Jacobsen†, Eiman Jahangir†, Sun Ha Jee†, Paul N Jensen†, Vivekanand Jha†, Guohong Jiang†, Knud Juel†, Edmond Kato Kabagambe†, Haidong Kan†, Nadim E Karam†, Andre Karch†, Corine Kakizi Karema†, Anil Kaul†, Norito Kawakami†, Konstantin Kazanjan†, Dhruv S Kazi†, Andrew G Kemp†, Andre Pascal Kengne†, Maia Kereselidze†, Yousef Saleh Khader†, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa†, Ejaz Ahmed Khan†, Young-Ho Khang†, Luke Knibbs†, Yoshihiro Kokubo†, Soewarta Kosen†, Barthelemy Kuate Defo†, Chanda Kulkarni†, Veena S Kulkarni†, G Anil Kumar†, Kaushalendra Kumar†, Ravi B Kumar†, Gene Kwan†, Taavi Lai†, Ratilal Lalloo†, Hilton Lam†, Van C Lansingh†, Anders Larsson†, Jong-Tae Lee†, James Leigh†, Mall Leinsalu†, Ricky Leung†, Xiaohong Li†, Yichong Li†, Yongmei Li†, Juan Liang†, Xiaofeng Liang†, Stephen S Lim†, Hsien-Ho Lin†, Steven E Lipshultz†, Shiwei Liu†, Yang Liu†, Belinda K Lloyd†, Stephanie J London†, Paulo A Lotufo†, Jixiang Ma†, Stefan Ma†, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado†, Nana Kwaku Mainoo†, Marek Majdan†, Christopher Chabila Mapoma†, Wagner Marcenes†, Melvin Barrientos Marzan†, Amanda J Mason-Jones†, Man Mohan Mehndiratta†, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez†, Ziad A Memish†, Walter Mendoza†, Ted R Miller†, Edward J Mills†, Ali H Mokdad†, Glen Liddell Mola†, Lorenzo Monasta†, Jonathan de la Cruz Monis†, Julio Cesar Montanez Hernandez†, Ami R Moore†, Rintaro Mori†, Ulrich O Mueller†, Mitsuru Mukaigawara†, Aliya Naheed†, Kovin S Naidoo†, Devina Nand†, Vinay Nangia†, Denis Nash†, Chakib Nejjari†, Robert G Nelson†, Sudan Prasad Neupane†, Charles R Newton†, Marie Ng†, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen†, Muhammad Imran Nisar†, Sandra Nolte†, Ole F Norheim†, Luke Nyakarahuka†, In-Hwan Oh†, Takayoshi Ohkubo†, Bolajoko O Olusanya†, Saad B Omer†, John Nelson Opio†, Orish Ebere Orisakwe†, Jeyaraj D Pandian†, Christina Papachristou†, Jae-Hyun Park†, Angel J Paternina Caicedo†, Scott B Patten†, Vinod K Paul†, Boris Igor Pavlin†, Neil Pearce†, David M Pereira†, Konrad Pesudovs†, Max Petzold†, Dan Poenaru†, Guilherme V Polanczyk†, Suzanne Polinder†, Dan Pope†, Farshad Pourmalek†, Dima Qato†, D Alex Quistberg†, Anwar Rafay†, Kazem Rahimi†, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar†, Sajjad ur Rahman†, Murugesan Raju†, Saleem M Rana†, Amany Refaat†, Luca Ronfani†, Nobhojit Roy†, Tania Georgina Sanchez Pimienta†, Mohammad Ali Sahraian†, Joshua Salomon†, Uchechukwu Sampson†, Itamar S Santos†, Monika Sawhney†, Felix Sayinzoga†, Ione J C Schneider†, Austin Schumacher†, David C Schwebel†, Soraya Seedat†, Sadaf G Sepanlou†, Edson E Servan-Mori†, Marina Shakh-Nazarova†, Sara Sheikhbahaei†, Kenji Shibuya†, Hwashin Hyun Shin†, Ivy Shiue†, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir†, Donald H Silberberg†, Andrea P Silva†, Jasvinder A Singh†, Vegard Skirbekk†, Karen Sliwa†, Sergey S Soshnikov†, Luciano A Sposato†, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy†, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis†, Lela Sturua†, Bryan L Sykes†, Karen M Tabb†, Roberto Tchio Talongwa†, Feng Tan†, Carolina Maria Teixeira†, Eric Yeboah Tenkorang†, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi†, Andrew L Thorne-Lyman†, David L Tirschwell†, Jeff rey A Towbin†, Bach X Tran†, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris†, Uche S Uchendu†, Kingsley N Ukwaja†, Eduardo A Undurraga†, Selen Begum Uzun†, Andrew J Vallely†, Coen H van Gool†, Tommi J Vasankari†, Monica S Vavilala†, N Venketasubramanian†, Salvador Villalpando†, Francesco S Violante†, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov†, Theo Vos†, Stephen Waller†, Haidong Wang†, Linhong Wang†, Sharon XiaoRong Wang†, Yanping Wang†, Scott Weichenthal†, Elisabete Weiderpass†, Robert G Weintraub†, Ronny Westerman†, James D Wilkinson†, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes†, John Q Wong†, Muluemebet Abera Wordofa†, Gelin Xu†, Yang C Yang†, Yuichiro Yano†, Gokalp Kadri Yentur†, Paul Yip†, Naohiro Yonemoto†, Seok-Jun Yoon†, Mustafa Z Younis†, Chuanhua Yu†, Kim Yun Jin†, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki†, Yong Zhao†, Yingfeng Zheng†, Maigeng Zhou†, Jun Zhu†, Xiao Nong Zou†, Alan D Lopez‡, Mohsen Naghavi‡, Christopher J L Murray‡, Rafael Lozano‡