Characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers: in vitro and in vivo studies

Abstract Development of highly engineered and tailor-made pharmaceutical nanocarriers with multifunctional properties is presently under consideration for modified drug delivery. Multifunctionality could help to improve in vivo efficacy as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanocarriers more significantly. In vitro studies end up with the best formulation for desired in vivo performance. This may not completely avoid the preclinical studies, but surely will reduce the number of animals to a minimum. These include surface topography, size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, sterility testing, etc. In vivo properties include longevity, targetability, cellular uptake, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, toxicity, and specific pathological activity testing, etc. Hence, the development of multifunctional pharmaceutical nanocarriers allows their use as powerful carriers for diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications with high efficacy. Ultimately, it would be a reliable option in future pharmacotherapy by sustained delivery through the direct administration at the site of action.